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    teaching mission in the West, he was surrounded by controversy, rumour and 
    speculation.
    
    Critics, outside observers and even some of his own students questioned his 
    intentions, credentials as a spiritual teacher, methods, traditional attitudes 
    and beliefs, use of alcohol, sexual behavior and validity of the ideas he 
    presented. 
    
    Was he a genuine spiritual teacher or a charlatan, an ‘Emissary from 
    Above’ or a ‘black magician’? 
| Authenticity as a Spiritual Teacher 
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| Gurdjieff's Psychological Ideas 
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| Gurdjieff's Cosmological Ideas 
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